A favorite studying technique

A favorite studying technique With finals approaching, studying techniques are definitely being discussed. I know that studying is a very personal thing, and what works for one person may not work for another. Many people have some favorite studying techniques, though, so I thought Id share one of mine. If my professors release a study guide on Compass or Moodle, which they usually do, my favorite thing to do before printing it out is to triple space it. The extra space gives me plenty of room to write everything down. I know that this takes more work and time, but for me, the hard work pays off. Writing a bunch of stuff down certainly is time consuming, but really helps me remember everything. Also, I think the fact that I must always start studying way in advance is a big help, too! Happy studying and Finals, everyone! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

The Negative Impact of Bilangual Education Free Essays

It is true that, fitting in and adapting to two different linguistic and cultural world can have lasting impacts on individuals, hence, Richard Rodriguez, in his book â€Å"Achievement of Desire†, addresses his struggles as a young boy, trying to adapt to a bilingual education and how that education alienated him from his uneducated Mexican parents. Additionally in the excerpts â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† Gloria Anzaldua, while she mainly focuses on the language of â€Å"Mexican† people in different aspects, also mentions her strife as a bilingual student. Although these two stories are different in many ways but they both reflect the negative impact of living in the â€Å"borderlands†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Impact of Bilangual Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now To better understand those cultural conflicts, it is essential to know exactly what the borderlands consist of and who spans there, but most importantly what they represent in this context. The concept of â€Å" the borderlands† informs â€Å"a variety of disciplines at the start of the twenty-first century, with many studies focusing on the boundaries where two or more disparate conceptual, social, or political entities overlap productively†(Ybarra, 1-3). However, Anzaldua’s idea of the borderlands as an active place where people can form their own identity and political resistance remains the most influential according to multiple respected scholars. Understanding the bioregional and ecological aspect of the US-Mexico borderlands, amplifies our knowledge of how colonization, exploitation, and racism impact the land and mostly the Chicanos. Furthermore, one can attribute the concept of borderlands with bilingual education with both English and Spanish being the two territories in question, as experienced by both Anzaldua and Rodriguez. In Anzaldua’s essay â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue† she describes her early childhood struggles in school. One of her memories from elementary school was when she was speaking Spanish with her friends during recess, they would tell her â€Å"If you want to be American, speak ‘American’. If you don’t like it, go back to Mexico where you belong. †(Anzaldua 43). In this situation she is forced to be silent and not speak. Growing up, she was constantly told from many of her elders that she needed to speak better English, and sound more American. Anzaldua’s own mother was ashamed of the way that she spoke English, saying it sounded like a Mexican. She reflects on two speech classes that she was required to take with all other Chicano students that had only one purpose, to get rid of their accents. â€Å"In childhood we are told that our language is wrong. Repeated attacks on our native tongue diminish our sense of self. Until I can take pride in my language, I cannot take pride in myself. † (Anzaldua 45-46). Part of language includes culture identity. It is unfair for people to feel ashamed of their identity due to the way they speak. Your language is what keeps you connected to your homeland and you should not feel guilty for speaking it. One should not have to go through speech classes to correct a native accent; the accent is a part of your identity, it is part of who you are. You should not be ashamed to speak and express yourself, because you should never be judged on how you speak, but by the content of what you’re saying. From adolescence the dominants are imposing their degrading views on the subordinates. Many of the teachers that approached these students, telling them â€Å"if they want to speak Spanish go back to Mexico†, are making assumptions based on prejudice about the individuals. The constant degrading ultimately lowers their self-esteem, making it difficult for them to feel that they can overcome being a part of the subordinate group. Anzaldua however rebels against these comments. She seems hostile to the English language and to a culture that does not honor the Spanish language in general or various Spanish dialects in particular. Her general response is one of defiance, for example when she says that to attack an individual’s form of expression (in her case, speaking her Chicano Spanish dialect at school) with the intent to censor â€Å"is a violation of the First Amendment† (40). She makes it very clear that she is determined to be linguistically free despite English oppression â€Å"free to write bilingually and to switch linguistic codes without always having to translate† (41). She is determined always to have a â€Å"wild tongue. â€Å"She proves that it is okay to know more than one language and that by speaking Spanish it does not make her less of a person. It possible that she wrote her story partly in Spanish so that she could make a point that she was proud of her native language. Rodriguez suffers the same oppressions but reacted differently to them. If Rodriguez is hostile to the same culture, he does not seem to be hostile to either Spanish or English as such. Instead, he realizes that in American culture, where one language only and educational accomplishment are connected to social and material benefit, those who capture the power of language and education are more likely to obtain those benefits. But this comes at a price because obtaining those benefits usually force emotional and cultural separation from family members who lack language or educational accomplishments. Rodriguez himself admitted that â€Å"[he] cannot afford to admire his parents†¦He permits himself embarrassment at their lack of education. And to evade nostalgia for the life he has lost, he concentrates on the benefits education will bestow upon him† (Rodriguez, 15). Even Henry Staten, in his essay, remarks â€Å"how his education, which culminated in a Ph. D in English from Berkeley in 1976, gradually alienated him from his uneducated, Mexican-born parents† (Staten 8-10). In all, from both excerpts, we encounter the negative impact of bilingual education. â€Å"Rodriguez, for whom â€Å"monolingualism† in English becomes a strategy for success in U. S society, brings his personal experience to the political realm by promoting English as the sole language of public education in the U. S†¦Anzaldua, on the other hand, reflects her linguistic background with a fine toothed comb, un tangling the many strands of English and Spanish that coexist in their multilayered identity. (Ramsdell 12-16) The diversity within America is constantly growing, which in turn means American culture is frequently changing. With all of these new and foreign cultures migrating to the U. S, come many new languages. Generally, many believe that language is power, but yet, people are constantly being silenced because of their â€Å"broken English† and accent. While their politics differ widely, both Rodriguez and Anzaldua lives have been forever altered due to t heir linguistic affiliations, and most significantly by straddling on the â€Å"borderlands. † How to cite The Negative Impact of Bilangual Education, Papers

Manifest Destiny Essays - Second Party System,

Manifest Destiny During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the United States saw many problems come and go. Some problems were more important than others, however all led to further division of American politics. The most divisive issue in American politics during this time frame was the idea of Manifest Destiny, or territorial expansion. Manifest Destiny was the idea that it was the United States destiny to take over all of North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Most of the public was in favor of territorial expansion, though some politicians felt it contradicted the constitution. Strict constructionists were against territorial expansion, while loose constructionists felt expansion was the United States destiny. Strict constructionists centered their platform around the fact that the constitution never directly states that the federal government has the right to acquire land. Those that view the constitution liberally, or loose constructionists, counter that stand by claiming the right of expansion falls under the governments implied powers. Loose constructionists and strict constructionists are the main divisive factor for the United States political parties: the democrats and the whigs. One of the supporters of Manifest Destiny was, democrat, James Polk who served as president from 1844 to 1848. Polk was strongly in favor of expanding the United States to the Pacific. This opinion won him the election of 1844. That year Henry Clay, a well known and loved figure in American politics, ran and was expected to blow, little known, Polk of the charts. The only problem was Clay was nervous about territorial expansion. He did not want was with Mexico and was unsure of the constitutionality of expanding. Polk won because the majority of the public believed in Manifest Destiny. Along with influencing presidential elections, Manifest Destiny played a role in the slavery issue. Entering the mid eighteen hundreds slavery was a very sensitive subject, and some of the bad feelings that caused this sensitivity were caused by territorial expansion. With more lands being acquired the number of slave state and free state representatives in Congress became unbalanced. This caused great distress among the senators and representatives. For instance, free state members of Congress began accusing the slave state members of conspiracies. One such accusation was made by Charles Sumner. He proposed the idea that southerners wanted to acquire more land so they could implant slavery in the territories. With more slave oriented territories that would eventually became slave states, the South would have control of Congress. This is what Sumner called the Slave Power Conspiracy. Slavery stirred up a lot of hard feelings though the slavery issue was not the hottest of the problems associated with territorial expansion. War with Mexico and Great Britain worried many of the people who were against expansion. James Polk had been elected when the wars were on the verge of breaking out. The potential war with Britain was resolved early in Polk presidency. He obviously wanted nothing to do with Britains powerful navy, for he agreed to a compromise that gave the United States far less of Oregon than the public wanted. The Mexico situation was different in that Polk did not have the fear of Mexico that he had of Great Britain. Polk felt a war with Mexico would only prove profitable for the United States, so he inticed the Mexicans to attack. Once Mexico attacked, Polk claimed he had to defend the United States, for Mexico had invaded American territory. Polk claimed, The cup of forbearance had been exhausted... [Mexico] had passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory, and shed American blood upon the American soil. (Tindall 587) Polks unexpected election, slavery conflicts, and the Mexican war were all issues in American politics during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Of all the possible explanations for these problems, territorial expansion is the number one reason. The idea of Manifest Destiny split American politics more than any other factor up to the eighteen fifties. American History

Understanding Mental Health Problems Essays

Understanding Mental Health Problems Essays Understanding Mental Health Problems Paper Understanding Mental Health Problems Paper 1. 1 The nature of mental wellbeing and mental health is perceived in many different ways in turn causing conflict. Peoples views on the origin of mental health and the reasoning towards the conditioning of the illness creates many negative but yet also positive views. Negativity towards mental health is largely part of a lack of understanding and education towards the condition. It is believed that this may be due to the fact that mental illness is not a condition that an individual can see with the naked eye. It is a hidden condition and for some people, is hard to comprehend. Unfortunately, in some cases, there is an unnecessary stigma attached to individuals with mental health issues. However, these negative views do not help the suffering individual to deal with, recover, or grasp their own issues. Pessimistic views towards mental health can in some ways be perceived as discrimination. This in turn can have a negative effect on their recovery or management of their condition making the usual hurdles of life difficult to overcome. For example; difficulty with finding work,  relationship issues, managing day to day life and social inclusion is only naming a few. Offering help and support to sufferers of mental health issues can be the key to their recovery and/or management. Negativity towards the condition can more often than not cause an individual to succumb to the illness. On the flip side, the majority of individuals approach mental health positively and it is perceived by most with understanding and comprehension. Undertaking positive mental health strategies by the suffering individual can have a huge effect on the management of their illness. But also having positive individuals surrounding them and understanding their issues can produce an even bigger response in their recovery. Offering that support no matter how little can assist an individual in their own positive thinking and their journey to mange any hurdles to may have to cross. 1. 2 It is reported that 1 in 4 people suffer with some form of mental illness within the UK. The definition of the exact cause of mental illness is unknown. However, due to extensive research undertaken in this area, it largely became apparent that 1  Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 biological, social, and psychological factors contribute to an individual’s mental wellbeing and mental health problems. In order to identify with the illness, knowledge of the causes of such is of importance. Biological factors Neurotransmitters are chemicals within the body that convey messages from one brain cell to another. In definition; they assist the nerve cells within the brain to communicate with each other. A dysfunction or lack of communication with the brains nerve cells may cause abnormal functioning with in the brain. This means that it may not work in the way in which it is designed to. The consequences of this can therefore origin symptoms of mental illness. Mental illness can in some cases also be hereditary. It is believed that this is due to a defect in the genes passed through family generations. It is not just one gene that defines mental illness; it would concern a combination of genes. However, it must be noted that in the case of these genes having been passed down, it does not mean that the individual with develop the illness. This could be triggered by a range of  factors for example; the way in which the genes combine and react and factors concerning biological, social, and psychological interactions. These are not the only biological factors that may influence mental health; defect to the brain, injury, pre natal damage, substance abuse, poor nutrition and infection may all have effect in the development of mental illness. Social factors Social factors can play a large part in the development of mental illness. This includes reasoning such as educational levels, social interactions, work pressures,  the communities in which the individual lives, their emotional support, relationships, their upbringing and even poverty. It is believed that this could be due to the level of the individual’s comprehension of circumstance. Social factors can present individuals with a level of vulnerability with regards to mental health issues. Psychological factors 2 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 Psychology relates to the mind and emotions and includes concern to the emotional wellbeing of an individual. The emotional state of an individual can, in some cases,  cause imbalance and trigger the causes of mental health issues. Factors of which may include; psychological trauma, the loss of a loved one, neglect, and the ability to relate. Most of which is believed to have effect on mental health when occurrence happens at a young age. 1. 3 As with all illness and general day to day life issues, mental health and wellness comes with each individual having varied levels of resilience. There are many types of risk factors and protective factors that can influence this level of resilience. This can affect the individual’s tendency to manage. Understanding each individual’s barriers can be a way forward in the assistance to overcome their issues. Risk factors increase the probability of issues occurring; they can create vulnerability in an individual and can heed their management and/or recovery. Risk factors can also worsen their mental wellbeing or mental health issues. Such factors can arise in many forms and can be biological or psychological. Influences of such factors may arise from parental control, relationships, working environments or school environments, outside influences such as media, and the community in which they  live. Feelings of inequality, discrimination and seclusion can all cause jeopardy in the recovery and management of mental health and wellbeing. Protective factors are characteristics in an individual that help them to deal with things in a more effective manner therefore eliminating occurrences creating factors of risk. Protective factors can be described as a safeguard of stress and can be drawn up in such situations. Individuals of inclusion, value, and support from their surrounding family, piers, and friends, are more empowered with the ability to  protect. This then connects with the importance of understanding mental wellness and mental illness. Assisting a suffering individual with the feeling of empowerment and assisting them to build up their protective factors will in turn help them on their road to recovery. 2. 1 3 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 There are various steps an individual can take to look after themselves and promote personal mental health and wellbeing. Steps researched and developed by the New Economics Foundation include; human connection, to be active, to take notice, to learn, and to give. There are wide views and extensive research available to collaborate with their findings which suggest that human interaction, in any form, may it be speaking to someone new, listening when people speak to you no matter of interest, listening to someone’s thoughts and feelings or even just giving a colleague a lift to work can divert and promote a person’s mood. This can in turn act as a stepping stone and assist as a protective factor in an individual suffering with mental health issues. Also, being active has been proven on many occasions to  lower rates of depression and anxiety which is in some cases a leading factor of mental health issues. Learning new things can promote pride and improve self esteem and self worth. Not only this but learning can be undertaken in activities therefore promoting social engagements. These are only a few examples further information can be found at www. mind. org. uk. 2. 2 Help and support from influences surrounding an individual with mental health issues can help them to aim positively and actively boost determination. Assistance in this way has proven to provide confidence in supporting personal mental wellbeing and  mental health. There are many ways in which you can help no matter the significance; the small things make the biggest differences. For example; show interest in the individual, listen to what they have to say and engage in conversation. Find out what theirs likes are, their strengths and weaknesses. Talk about their whole life, their family, their hobbies, places they like to go. Don’t just focus on the illness; the illness is not the person. Be alert and look out for signs of distress, ask them how they feel. Promote and undertake activities, or just offer help with small jobs. These  are only to name a few. Knowing that people care, knowing that people are looking through the illness and getting to know the real person can offer great support and promote self confidence. It is all about helping others to help themselves. 2. 3 Self help skills, to an individual with mental health issues, are the key to living an actively manageable lifestyle. The aim of encourage mental wellbeing and mental 4 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 health is to promote growth in the individual whilst aiming towards recovery and wellness. Developing a strategy to follow presents you with the tools needed to strive  forward and overcome any hurdles that may need to be crossed along the way. To elaborate on the meanings of this, WRAP will be used as example. WRAP is a wellness recovery plan developed by individuals with mental health and other various health issues. The way in which this was done was by identifying on a personal level what makes them feel ‘well’. This is then used as a wellness tool. The objective is to promote wellbeing, relieve symptoms and provide an individual with the means to overcome. Tools such as talking to a friend, focus exercises, sleeping,  writing, listening to music, looking through old pictures, making a list of accomplishments, and doing something for someone else, are amongst the list of the most commonly used tools. Having the tools there to assist with avoidance regarding triggers of mental issues is also a supporting factor. Having these tools to hand in a binder or in a box organised in a personal way to each individual is a key element to their success. Having a wellness tool box is not the only element to the success of mental health and wellbeing. Others include; a daily maintenance plan, identifying  triggers, action planning, identifying early warning signs and crisis planning. Having someone there to help create this action plan focusing on the points developed by WRAP gives encouragement and supports them to promote the health and wellbeing in a positive and manageable way. If you would like more information this can be found at www. mentalhealthrecovery. com/wrap 2. 4 Describe key aspects of local, national or international strategy to promote mental wellbeing and mental health within a group or community. 2. 5 Evaluate a local, national or international strategy to promote mental wellbeing and  mental health within a group or community. References who. int/mental_health/en/ webmd. com/anxiety-panic/mental-health-causes-mental-illness 5 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 apa. org/monitor/2012/06/roots. aspx mayoclinic. org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/basics/causes/con- 20033813 who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/ http://healthtalkonline. org/peoples-experiences/mental-health/mental-health-ethnic- minority-carers-experiences/negative-attitudes-mental-health-problems mentalhealth. org. uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/S/stigma- discrimination/ foundationforpositivementalhealth. com/ http://knowledgex. camh. net/policy_health/mhpromotion/mhp_older_adults/Pages/ho w_mhp_different. aspx mind. org. uk/for-business/mental-health-at-work/taking-care-of- yourself/five-ways-to-wellbeing/ nhsconfed. org/Publications/Documents/Five_Ways_to_Wellbeing040711. pdf devonhealthandwellbeing. org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Devon- Mental-Health-Promotion-Strategy-2010-2013. pdf mentalhealthrecovery. com/wrap/ mentalhealthrecovery. com/wrap/ 6 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 View as multi-pages TOPICS IN THIS DOCUMENT Epidemiology, Mental disorder, Mental health, Psychiatry, Psychology, Self-help groups for mental health RELATED DOCUMENTS mental health ? Practice outcome 1. Use basic mental health skills to reduce the distress associated with mental health problems an help promote recovery Objectives; Recognise signs of distress Communicate in a sensitive, non – judgemental person centred manner Facilitate engagement with appropriate service and or support Mental health is not just the absence of mental disorder. It is 1873 Words | 4 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Health ? This essay will demonstrate the relationships between mental health and social problems from both the social and medical point of view. Generally speaking mental illness is defined as, the psychological or mental state of an individual, who is functioning at a stable level in terms of behaviours and emotions. However the definition and ideology of mental health differs depending on which 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT CT261 Understand Mental Health problems ? CU261P/CT261 Understand Mental Health problems 1. 1. 1 The main types of mental ill health according to the psychiatric (DSM/ICD) classification system are as follows; Adjustment Disorder- A significantly more difficult adjustment to a life situation than would normally be expected considering the circumstances. For example; Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety and Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Disturbance of Emotions and 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT mental health problem   Comparison of Mental Health Problems between Undergraduate Students and Graduate Students Xinghang Lu University of Denver Last month, a girl who was only 20 committed suicide in my previous university in China. This girl used to live next to my dorm, and it was hard to believe such sad news happened around you. The reason why she committed suicide is that she had mental health 1873 Words | 7 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Health ? Mental Health Mental health is a person’s psychological and emotional well-being. What kind of mental health I there? Anxiety Depression Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia Hallucinations Neurotic Psychotic Mental health break down Alzheimer’s Why is it important to recognise and value an individual with mental Health problems? You must talk 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Disorder and Mental Health Problems Unit CMH 302 Understand mental health problems Unit aim This unit aims to provide the learner with knowledge of the main forms of mental health problems according to the psychiatric classification system. Learners also consider the strengths and limitations of this model and look at alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress. The focus of the unit is on 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT mental health act The Mental Health Act The mental health act is an act design to protect people with mental illness. It was originally written in 1983 and reformed in 2007. It sets out clear guidance for a health professional when a person may need to be taken into compulsorily detained in a hospital. This is known as sectioning. This helps carers who are unable to cope without help. People can be sectioned if the 1873 Words | 14 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Health CITIZENS FOR MENTAL HEALTH BACKGROUNDER Mental Health SCOPE OF THE ISSUE Our mental health is affected by many factors including where we live, the state of our environment, genetics, our income and education level, and our relationships with friends and family. Positive mental health is a cornerstone of our overall well-being. Mentally healthy people are able to cope with 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT CITE THIS DOCUMENT APA (2014, 12). Understanding Mental Health Problems. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 12, 2014, from studymode. com/essays/Understanding-Mental-Health-Problems-66353152. html MLA MLA 7 CHICAGO

Timeline of the Scottsboro Boys Case

Timeline of the Scottsboro Boys Case In March of 1931, nine young African-American men were accused of raping two white women on a train. The African-American men ranged in age from thirteen to nineteen. Each young man was tried, convicted and sentenced in a matter of days. African-American newspapers published news accounts and editorials of the events of the case. Civil rights organizations followed suit, raising money and providing defense for these young men. However, it would take several years for these young mens cases to be overturned. 1931 March 25: A group of young African-American and white men engage in a scuffle while riding a freight train. The train is stopped in Paint Rock, Ala and nine African-American teens are arrested for assault. Soon after, two white women, Victoria Price, and Ruby Bates charge the young men with rape. The nine young men are taken to Scottsboro, Ala. Both Price and Bates are examined by doctors. By the evening, the local newspaper, Jackson County Sentinel calls the rape a revolting crime. March 30: The nine Scottsboro Boys are indicted by a grand jury. April 6 - 7: Clarence Norris and Charlie Weems, were placed on trial, convicted and given the death sentence. April 7 - 8: Haywood Patterson meets the same sentence as Norris and Weems. April 8 - 9: Olen Montgomery, Ozie Powell, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, and Andy Wright are also tried, convicted and sentenced to death. April 9: 13-year-old Roy Wright is also tried. However, his trial ends with a hung jury as 11 jurors want the death sentence and one vote for life in imprisonment. April through December: Organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as the International Labor Defense (ILD) are astonished by the age of the defendants, length of their trails, and sentences received. These organizations provide support to the nine young men and their families. The NAACP and IDL also raise money to for appeals. June 22: Pending an appeal to the Alabama Supreme Court, the executions of the nine defendants are stayed. 1932 January 5: A letter written from Bates to her boyfriend is uncovered. In the letter, Bates admits she was not raped. January: The NAACP withdraws from the case after the Scottsboro Boys decide to let the ILD handle their case. March 24: The Alabama Supreme Court upholds the convictions of seven defendants in a vote of 6-1. Williams is granted a new trial because he was considered a minor when he was originally convicted. May 27: The United States Supreme Court decides to hear the case. November 7: In the case of Powell v. Alabama, the Supreme Court ruled that the defendants were denied the right to counsel. This denial was considered a violation of their right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. The cases are sent to the lower court. 1933 January: Noted attorney Samuel Leibowitz takes the case for the IDL. March 27: Pattersons second trial begins in Decatur, Ala before Judge James Horton. April 6: Bates comes forward as a witness for the defense. She denies being raped and further testifies that she was with Price for the duration of the train ride. During the trial, Dr. Bridges says that Price showed very little physical signs of rape. April 9: Patterson is found guilty during his second trial. He is sentenced to death by electrocution. April 18: Judge Horton suspends Pattersons death sentence after a motion for a new trial. Horton also postpones the trials of the eight other defendants as racial tensions are high in town. June 22: Pattersons conviction is set aside by Judge Horton. He is granted a new trial. October 20: The cases of the nine defendants are moved from Hortons court to Judge William Callahan. November 20: The cases of the youngest defendants, Roy Wright, and Eugene Williams, are moved to Juvenile Court. The other seven defendants appear in Callahans courtroom. November to December: Patterson and Norris cases both end in the death penalty. During both cases, Callahans bias is revealed through his omissions- he does not explain to Pattersons jury how to deliver a not guilty verdict and also does not ask for the mercy of God upon Norris soul during his sentencing. 1934 June 12: In his bid for re-election, Horton is defeated. June 28: In a defense motion for new trials, Leibowitz argues that qualified African-Americans were kept off jury rolls. He also argues that names added on the current rolls were forged. The Alabama Supreme Court denies the defense motion for new trials. October 1: Lawyers associated with ILD are caught with $1500 bribe that was to be given to Victoria Price. 1935 February 15: Leibowitz appears before the Supreme Court of the United States, describing the lack of African-American presence on juries in Jackson County. He also shows the Supreme Court justices the jury rolls with forged names. April 1: In the case of Norris v. Alabama, the United States Supreme Court decides that the exclusion of African-Americans on jury rolls did not protect African-American defendants of their rights to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The case is overturned and sent to a lower court. However, Pattersons case is not included in the argument because of filing date technicalities. The Supreme Court suggests that lower courts review Pattersons case. December: The defense team is reorganized. The Scottsboro Defense Committee (SDC) is established with Allan Knight Chalmers as chairman. Local attorney, Clarence Watts serves as co-counsel. 1936 January 23: Patterson is retried. He is found guilty and sentenced to 75 years in prison. This sentence was a negotiation between the foreman and the rest of the jury. January 24: Ozie Powell pulls a knife and slashes a police officers throat while being transported to Birmingham Jail. Another police official shoots Powell in the head. Both the police officer and Powell survive. December: Lieutenant Governor Thomas Knight, the prosecuting attorney for the case, meets with Leibowitz in New York to come to a compromise. 1937 May:Â  Thomas Knight, a justice on the Alabama Supreme Court, dies. June 14:Â  Pattersons conviction is upheld by the Alabama Supreme Court. July 12 - 16: Norris is sentenced to death during his third trial. As a result of the pressure of the case, Watts becomes sick, causing Leibowitz to steer the defense. July 20 - 21: Andy Wrights is convicted and sentenced to 99 years. July 22 - 23: Charley Weems is convicted and sentenced to 75 years. July 23 - 24: Ozie Powells rape charges are dropped. He pleads guilty to assaulting a police officer and is sentenced to 20 years. July 24: The rape charges against Olen Montgomery, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, and Roy Wright are dropped. October 26: The United States Supreme Court decides not to hear the appeal of Patterson. December 21: Bibb Graves, the governor of Alabama, meets with Chalmers to discuss clemency to the five convicted defendants. 1938 June: The sentences given to Norris, Andy Wright, and Weems are affirmed by the Alabama Supreme Court. July: Norris death sentence is commuted to life imprisonment by Governor Graves. August: A denial of parole is recommended for Patterson and Powell by an Alabama parole board. October: A denial of parole is also recommended for Norris, Weems, and Andy Wright. October 29: Graves meets with the convicted defendants to consider parole. November 15: The pardon applications of all five defendants are denied by Graves. November 17: Weems is released on parole. 1944 January: Andy Wright and Clarence Norris are released on parole. September: Wright and Norris leave Alabama. This is considered a violation of their parole. Norris returns to jail in October 1944 and Wright in October 1946. 1946 June: Ozie Powell is released from prison on parole. September: Norris receives parole. 1948 July:Â  Patterson escapes from prison and travels to Detroit. 1950 June 9: Andy Wright is released on parole and finds a job in New York. June: Patterson is caught and arrested by the FBI in Detroit. However, G. Mennen Williams, governor of Michigan does not extradite Patterson to Alabama. Alabama does not continue its attempts to return Patterson to prison. December: Patterson is charged with murder after a fight in a bar. 1951 September: Patterson is sentenced to six to fifteen years in prison after being convicted of manslaughter. 1952 August: Patterson dies of cancer while serving time in prison. 1959 August: Roy Wright dies 1976 October: George Wallace, governor of Alabama, pardons Clarence Norris. 1977 July 12: Victoria Price sues NBC for defamation and invasion of privacy after its broadcast of Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys airs. Her claim, however, is dismissed. 1989 January 23: Clarence Norris dies. He is the last surviving Scottsboro Boys.

Collaboration, Freight & Inventory Strategies -312 Forum 4 Assignment

Collaboration, Freight & Inventory Strategies -312 Forum 4 - Assignment Example The classes are determined in accordance to the individual characteristics of the freight. However, the four characteristics that are considered to decide the product class are density and value, stow-ability, handling, and liability (Tompkins, 2004). Rates and ratings are two different terms used in the freight classification which is used to assign a class to every product. Ratings are given to the products according to their class. The products that fulfill all the four characteristics have high ratings while the products that don’t have low ratings (Wood, 1995). The high class products have high ratings in the shipment and their shipping costs are determined by the ratings. Rates of the products are also in accordance to the classifications. These are the cost rates which are set by the carrier and are negotiable. They are the cost of the freight shipping determined by the class of the products (Coyle,

Sikhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sikhism - Essay Example Some Sikhs believe their religion to be a purified Hinduism, but most consider it to be a direct revelation from God, with no connection to any other religion (Robinson, 2005). Whatever be its’ origins, Sikhism has emerged as a religion in its’ own right, with its’ unique history, beliefs, prayers, practices and concept of God. The word ‘Sikh’ in Punjabi is defined as ‘disciple’ and connotes a disciple of God. ‘Guru’ is a Sanskrit word for teacher. In Sikhism, the Gurus are considered to be Enlightened Masters. The Reht Maryada, the official Sikh Code of Conduct, defines a Sikh as any man or woman who believes in One Immortal Being, the ten Gurus, the Guru Granth Sahib- the holy book of the Sikhs, the teachings of the Gurus and the baptism introduced by the tenth Guru and does not owe allegiance to any other religion. The history of Sikhism is mirrored in the life of its’ Gurus. The first Guru was Guru Nanak Dev (1469 – 1539), who founded the Sikh religion. He was born into a Hindu family. He attained enlightenment at the age of thirty, while bathing in the river Bain and proclaimed the immortal words, â€Å"There is no Hindu, no Muslim.† He traveled extensively through the Indian subcontinent and the Persian Gulf, spreading his message of one, tr ue God through the medium of hymns and stories that would reach the common people. He was followed by Guru Angad Dev (1504 – 1552), who popularized the Gurmukhi script among the Sikhs and advocated a casteless society. He was succeeded by Guru Amar Das (1479 – 1574), who institutionalized the free Sikh communal kitchen, or langar, opposed the subjugation of women through the purdah and sati and supported widow remarriage. Through trained apostles, called Masands, he spread Sikhism throughout the country. The Fourth Master was Guru Ram Das (1534 – 1581), who founded the holy city of